Indigenous mixed populations of anaerobic microorganisms from an irrigation tailwater drain and submerged agricultural chemical waste pit readily biodegraded the major isomer of endosulfan endosulfan i. Endosulfan degradation by selected strains of plant growth. Siddique t, okeke bc, arshad m, frankenberger jr wt, enrichment and isolation of endosulfan degrading microorganisms. Mycoremediation of endosulfan and its metabolites in aqueous. In india, hindustan insecticide lmtd is the producer of endosulfan. One of the isolates, ld6, was identified as stenotrophomonas sp. Mice fed endosulfan had both isomers plus two breakdown products in the feces. Endosulfan is transformed in the environment into endosulfan sulfate, which is a toxic and persistent metabolite.
Endosulfan is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant. To enrich endosulfan degrading bacteria, 5 g of sediment of each station was added to an erlenmeyer flask containing 50 ml of mineral medium and 50. These various branches of endosulfan degradation all result in desulfurization while leaving the chlorines intact, exhibiting the recalcitrance to bioremediation found in many organohalogen aromatics. Remediation of endosulfan contaminated system by microbes. Degrading bacteria of 3pba and simultaneous degradation of 3pba and cy at present, the degrading microbes of 3pba were mainly pseudomonas, fungi and actinomycetes were relatively few, and at this stage, studies of bio degradation of 3pba remained at the screening and degrading bacteria 141. Microorganisms respond differently to various kinds of stresses. The present report describes the biochemical and molecular characterization and identification of the best endosulfan degrading isolate n2 and comparative analysis of its degradation profile with the standard microorganisms mos reported earlier for endosulfan degradation, phanerochaete chrysosporium kullman and matsumura 1996 and mucor.
This bacterial culture has degraded up to 70% of alpha and 82% of beta endosulfan with identifying intermediate compound endodiol was identified i the degradation. Isolation and characterization of an endosulfandegrading. Also, endosulfan degradation was reported to be more effective through the use of consortium of bacterial strains in comparison to individual bacterial isolates kumar and philip, 2006, rama and philip, 2011. Enrichment was obtained by using the insecticide as the sole source of sulfur.
Endosulfan is known to be highly toxic to nitrogen fixing bacteria such as rhizobium sp thereby reducing the fertility of soil. Endosulfan iii update statement toxicological profiles are revised and republished as necessary, but no less than once every three years. F1 microorganisms have increasingly been investigated as and f4 fusarium ventricosum degraded endosulfan by as much a source of xenobioticdegrading enzymes chen and as 82. Biodegradation of endosulfan by soil bacterial cultures. Sharma2, anil sharma2, ashutosh sharma2 and pradeep paraher3 1ultra international limited, ghaziabad 2 university of rajasthan, jaipur 3 govt.
Isolation and characterization of a bacillus subtilis. Issn 2277 8322 biodegradation of endosulfan using microbial culture priyanka sharma1, santosh k. The metabolite, endosulfan sulfate, seems to show similar acute toxicity to the parent compound. In its commercial form, endosulfan is composed of two stereoisomers.
Enrichment and isolation of endosulfan degrading microorganism from natural resource ajit kumar1,2, p. Endosulfan is degraded by attacking the sulphite group via either hydrolysis to form the less toxic. Endosulfan degradation by microorganisms has been studied mainly with bacteria isolated from soils contaminated with pesticides over long periods of time. Optimization of endosulfan biodegradation using indigenous bacterial isolate bacillus aryabhatti through response surface methodology geeta negi 1, pankaj, anjana srivastava 2 and anita sharma 1 1 department of microbiology, college of basic sciences and humanities g. To protect this crop since the mid 1970s, the pesticide endosulfan has been widely used and aerially sprayed on cashew nut plantation covering several villages in the district 1. An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. An endosulfandegrading mixed bacterial culture was enriched from soil with a history of endosulfan exposure. Sixty endosulfan tolerant bacterial strains were isolated from pesticide stressed agricultural soils.
It is used primarily on food crops like tea, fruits, and vegetables on grains. Introduction endosulfan is an organochlorine oc pesticide that has widespread use in many parts of the world, including european union, india, indonesia, australia, canada. Recently it is reported that a strain of trichoderma harzianum has capability to degrade organochlorines through an oxidative system katayama and matsumura, 2009. Fortunately, it is known that there are microorganisms that under natural conditions are able to degrade various kinds of pesticides, and they are. In its study, the cse found very high levels of endosulfan residues in all the samples collected and published their report on february 28, 2001. The isolated plasmid can be the responsible factor for the degradation of endosulfan. The use of endosulfan will damge the the soil fertility also. G college, kotputli abstractendosulfan a non systematic insecticide and. Endosulfan is an insecticide that is applied extensively to coffee, tea, and cotton crops, among others. Therefore, the present study was designed to isolate the endosulfan degrading mos from natural resources by enrichment culture. Endosulfan 3ec page 2 of 10 directions for use restricted use pesticide it is a violation of federal law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling.
Genomic basis for pesticide degradation revealed by selection. Degrading bacteria of 3pba and simultaneous degradation of 3pba and cy at present, the degrading microbes of 3pba were mainly pseudomonas, fungi and actinomycetes were relatively few, and at this stage, studies of biodegradation of 3pba remained at the screening and degrading bacteria 141. Another best example of organochlorine degradation is endosulfan degradation. Endosulfan is very toxic to nearly all kinds of organisms. The controversy for using the endosulfan started emerging since the 1990s 2. However the most common type of degradation is carried out in the soil by. Pdf or denotes a file in adobes portable document format. The store soil microorganisms were able to shorten the half lives of endosulfan a by 62%, b by 70% and lindane by 79%. A toxic organochlorine pesticide of moderate mammalian toxicity which doesnt accumulate in the tissues of man or animals to any significant extent. F1 microorganisms have increasingly been investigated as and f4 fusarium ventricosum degraded endosulfan by as much a source of xenobiotic degrading enzymes chen and as 82. Most of the endosulfan seems to leave the body within a few days to a few weeks. The bands are appeared in orange colour while observing under ultra violet transilluminator. Bioremediation of endosulfancontaminated soil by using. Alpha endosulfan is an organochlorine, cyclodiene derivative.
Issn 2277 8322 biodegradation of endosulfan using microbial. An endosulfandegrading mixed bacterial culture was enriched from soil with a. The two primary reactions though which degradation occurs include oxidation by microorganisms to endosulfan sulfate, which is as toxic or more toxic than the parent compounds, and by hydrolysis abiotic and biotic to endosulfan diol, which is much less toxic. Isolation and characterization of a bacillus subtilis strain. Enrichment and isolation of endosulfan degrading microorganism from natural resource article pdf available in journal of biodiversity and environmental sciences 26.
Aerobic bacteria degrading endosulfan were isolated from contaminated sludge. Chemical hydrolysis was minimized by using strongly buffered culture. For information regarding the update status of previously released profiles, contact atsdr at. Five most tolerant strains were tested for plant growth promoting pgp activities and endosulfan degradation under different optimizing conditions in broth and soil. Isolation and identification of endosulfandegrading bacteria.
This document was prepared by a national network of environmental. Isolation, mic and purification of endosulfan degrading bacteria the enrichment culture technique was used for the isolation of bacterial strains capable of utilizing endosulfan as a sole source of carbon and energy. Endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide, is known for its toxicity and ability to accumulate in the environment. The following is a textformat endosulfan pathway map. Endosulfan is a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide of the cyclodiene subgroup which acts as a contact poison in a wide variety of insects and mites. Other pertinent literature is also presented, but is described in less detail than the key studies. Bioremediation using endosulfan degrading bacteria degradation of alfa and beta endosulfan isomers, among which endosulfan diol was the greatest and most original metabolite. Three soil types on which bananas were grown were collected in. The coefficient of correlation r2 was highly significant 0. Microorganisms, pesticides, antibiotics, and organic pollutants. An endosulfandegrading mixed bacterial culture was enriched from. Microbial degradation of pesticide residues and an. The store soil microorganisms were able to shorten the half lives of endosulfana by 62%, b by 70% and lindane by 79%. Endosulfan degradation by free cells of pseudomonas fluorescens.
Therefore, biodegradation has the potential to clean up soil contaminated with endosulfan. Enrichment and isolation of endosulfan degrading bacteria. Data regarding and endosulfan degradation up to 82. Do not apply this product in a way that will contact workers or other persons, either directly or through drift.
Only protected handlers may be in the area during application. By this time, the campaign against the aerial spraying of endosulfan was getting stronger and the munsif court of kasargod in february, 2001. Plasmid dna is isolated from the isolated endosulfan degrading bacteria and its subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis for the visualization of the dna bands. The endosulfan content shall be declared not less than 940 gkg and, when determined, the average measured content shall not be lower than the declared minimum content. The degradation of endosulfan and the metabolites formed during degradation by this bacterial coculture were evaluated by the reduction in toxicity against the test organism tubifex tubifex. Pdf microbial degradation of endosulfan and lindane by. Downloadable files north american industry classification system naics us census bureau. Contact with endosulfan may irritate or burn the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Soil approximately 15 g was first enriched for endosulfan degrading organisms by the. We observed, on the basis of population survival based on ericpcr as well as degradation of endosulfan in agricultural soil microcosm that, arthrobacter sp. An endosulfan degrading mixed bacterial culture was enriched from soil with a history of endosulfan exposure. Enrichment and isolation of endosulfandegrading bacteria. Bioremediation of endosulfan contaminated soil by using bioaugmentation treatment of fungal inoculant aspergillus niger 562 for use in the cleanup of hazardous wastes. Environmental fate and contamination widespread global contamination of soil, ground and surface waters, marine environment, air, snow, rainfall, the bark of trees, mountains, the arctic and the antarctic.
Microbial degradation offers an effective approach to remove such toxicants from the environment. It can build up in bodies of animals that live in endosulfan contaminated water. Biochemical tests included fermentation patterns of. In india endosulfan was banned only in 2011 and hence toxic residues are still persistent in the environment. Isolation and identification of endosulfandegrading bacteria and. From the obtained results one could argue that such indigenous microorganism. Several microorganisms which degrade endosulfan isomers under aerobic conditions have been isolated and characterized. The bacteria immobilised in caalginate beads in batch shake flask system were tested for their ability to degrade endosulfan at different. Endosulfan 1,4,5,6,7,7hexachloro8,9,10trinorborn5en. The chemical is semivolatile and persistent to degradation processes in the environment. Apr 18, 2011 the uno classifies endosulfan as highly dangerous insect killer and banned in 62 countries endosulfan should be completely banned. Endosulfan sulfate, endosulfan diol, endosulfan ether, endosulfan hydroxyether, endosulfan lactone, endosulfan monoaldehyde and endosulfan dialdehyde have been reported as the major metabolites formed during the microbial degradation of endosulfan isomers.
Four diesel degrading bacteria were isolated, and were labeled as hdmp1, hdmp2, hdmp3 and hdmb1, respectively. Enrichment of an endosulfandegrading mixed bacterial culture. In all the experiments conducted 1ml as well as 2ml extract the saponins showed the higher degradation percentage of endosulfan pesticide with p value endosulfan which was reported to degrade chloro organic. The term pesticide encompasses a variety of different types of chemicals. Biodegradation is a process by which a pesticide is transformed into a. Endosulfan, a member of chlorinated insecticide, is widely used in the indian subcontinent. Nanophytotechnological remediation of endosulfan using. Biodegradation of endosulfan by pseudomonas fluorescens. Incompatible with strong oxidizing and reducing agents. Buy microbial approach for enhanced degradation of endosulfan. The degradation of endosulfan by pseudomonas fluorescens was determined at an initial endosulfan concentration of 350. Use of endosulphan in kasaragod distric, kerala, india ejatlas. Research article isolation, characterization and growth response.
The diesel degrading bacteria were obtained by isolation, which showed the highest degradation rate of diesel. Extensive applications of persistent organochlorine pesticides like endosulfan on cotton have led to the contamination of soil and water environments at several sites in pakistan. Studies of endosulfan induces the same type of effects in animals after acute oral doses. Biodegradation of alpha and betaendosulfan by soil bacteria. Cerebral congestion and edema are often seen in animals that died following acute ingestion of endosulfan. Pdf enrichment and isolation of endosulfandegrading. These are consistent with the results reported by cotham and bidleman 26 that endosulfan diol is produced by microorganisms in water and sediments 26. Enrichment and isolation of endosulfandegrading microorganisms article pdf available in journal of environmental quality 321. Although these compounds are already prohibited in many countries, residues can be detected in soils with a history of endosulfan application. H i g h l y h a z a r d o u s p e s t i c i d e s endosulfan. Pdf extensive applications of persistent organochlorine pesticides like endosulfan on cotton. Hydrolysis of endosulfan lactone yields endosulfan hydroxycarboxylate walse et al. Journal of environmental quality abstract bioremediation.
Biodegradability and biodegradation pathways of endosulfan. The presence of endosulfan diol and endosulfan ether in the bacterial metabolites was further confirmed by gcms. The atsdr toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects information for the hazardous substance described here. North american industry classification system naics. Exploring the degradation potential of halomonas bacteria. Genes with the ability to degrade pesticides modified from 14. Als environmental does not sell chemicals, but offers analytical lab testing to determine the presence of various elements and chemical compounds. Abiotic degradation contributed up to 21% of the spiked amount. The physical characteristics of the strain ed1 was determined as a gram negative rod shaped bacterium. Enrichment was achieved by using the insecticide as either the sole source of carbon or sulfur in parallel studies.
To check the abiotic loss of endosulfan, control experiments of. Bioremediation of endosulfan on free shipping on qualified orders. Isolation and identification of endosulfandegrading. The mixture was then incubated in a shaking incubator at 30c at 150 rpm. Detoxification of endosulfan through biological means is more preferred. Kwon gs, kim je, kim tk, sohn hv, koh sc, shin ks, kim dg, klebsiella pnuemoniae ke1 degrades endosulfan without formation of the toxic metabolite endosulfan metabolite. Th e chlorinated organic pesticide endosulfan is the major agrochemical. However, some microorganisms can degrade endosulfan without producing endosulfan sulfate, and some can degrade endosulfan sulfate. In this process, microorganisms transform environmental contaminants into harmless end products. This study reports the isolation of highly efficient endosulfan degrading bacterial strains from soil. The anaerobic degradation of endosulfan by indigenous. The bioremediation and phytoremediation of pesticide. Biomineralization and formulation of endosulfan degrading. Endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate are persistent organic pollutants that cause serious environmental problems.
The three bacterial strains, pseudomonas spinosa, p. Microbial communities in pesticidecontaminated soils in kyrgyzstan. The chemical structure and the most important physical parameters of endosulfan are summarized in fig. A bacterial strain, klebsiella oxytoca ke8, was found to be capable of degrading endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate kwon et al. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type. Endosulfan is subject to longrange atmospheric transport, i. Many types of compounds decompose slowly in aerobic regions 11. B pant university of agriculture and technology, pantnagar, u. In a controlled environment,losses from the grass and plant surfaces were in the decreasing order, endosulfan i, endosulfan ether, endosulfan ii, endosulfan diol, endosulfan sulphate.
After incubation, the number of metaldehydedegrading microorganisms was determined. Based on sspace output files, we constructed 10 and 7 scaffold. To enrich endosulfandegrading bacteria, 5 g of sediment of each station was added to an erlenmeyer flask containing 50 ml of mineral medium and 50. Enrichment and isolation of endosulfan degrading and. Enrichment and isolation of endosulfandegrading microorganisms. Comparative degradation of endosulfan by mutant microorganism. There are reports on many microorganisms capable of degrading endosulfan through the action of different of enzymes such as hydrolase, dehydrogenase, lactonase, and monooxygenase kataoka and takagi 20. Microbial approach for enhanced degradation of endosulfan. Acute exposure to endosulfan may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Endosulfan has been used globally as a pesticide since the 1950s to control a variety of insects including whiteflies, aphids, leafhoppers, colorado potato beetles, and cabbage worms. The following is the supplementary data to this article.
Degradation of endosulfan can occur through both abiotic and biotic processes. The strains prb101 and prb77 were the most efficient in terms of endosulfan degradation and pgp activities and showed. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. In a controlled environment,losses from the grass and.
Endosulfan mixed media were prepared by thoroughly mixing different volumes of endosulfan with 100 ml. Thus, it occurs in many environmental compartments. Isolation and characterization of endosulfan degrading. Endosulfan degradation by secondary metabolites of. Microbial degradation of pesticide residues and an emphasis. Endosulfan diol can be further transformed to less or nontoxic metabolites, such as endosulfan ether, endosulfan hydroxyether and endosulfan lactone. The abilities of three plant species chittaratha alpinia calcarata, tulsi ocimum sanctum, and lemongrass cymbopogon citratus to remove endosulfan from soil in the. Endosulfan is an insecticide and acaricide that is not approved for use in the eu.
Downloadable files, committees, agencies, and contacts for the north american industry classification system naics us census bureau. This study reports the isolation and identification of enriched microorganisms, capable of degrading endosulfan. Current as of november 2010 endosulfan final product cancellation order issued fr notice, november 10, 2010 epa is taking action to end the use of the pesticide endosulfan because it can pose unacceptable health risks to farmworkers and wildlife and can persist in the environment. Screening and isolation of endosulfan degrading microorganisms soil used for the isolation of endosulfan degrading bacteria was collected from the endosulfan contaminated agriculture fields of uttarakhand, india. Based on its chemical properties it may have a tendency to leach to groundwater. The beta isomer is cleared from blood plasma more quickly than the alpha isomer. Journal of environmental quality abstract bioremediation and biodegradation enrichment and isolation of endosulfan degrading microorganisms view my binders. The bacterial culture isolated from garden soils has been used for degrading the endosulfan. But undiluted endosulfan is slowly and incompletely absorbed in the git of warm blooded animals. Soni1 1environment toxicology unit, centre for advanced studies in zoology, university of rajasthan, jaipur 302 004, india 2present address.
Nov, 2009 can be transported over long distances in the atmosphere, but the compound is relatively immobile in soils. Microorganisms play a key role in removal of such xenobiotic from the contaminated sites. There are many reports on the degradation of endosulfan by bacteria. A total of 29 bacterial strains were isolated through enrichment technique from 15 specific sites using endosulfan as sole sulfur source. Two strains each of fungi f1 and f4 and bacteria bf2 and b4 were selected using endosulfan as a sole carbon source. Endosulfan i was biodegraded to endosulfan diol, a low toxicity degradation product, in the presence of organic carbon sources under. Abstract tolerant strains mutant of bacteria and fungi from the soil of rass elfeel pesticide store sudan, mangil scheme were isolated through consecutive exposure to elevated concentration of endosulfan under condition of carbon free media and the results showed that the most tolerant fungi can tolerate up to mgl was aspergillus fumigates while the most tolerant bacteria was. Endosulfan degrading bacteria from the microflora of cockroaches. If the necessary microorganisms are present, some limiting factor, such as a nutrient shortage. Most animals studies have been conducted with technical endosulfan, but a few have examined the effects of the pure. Pdf enrichment and isolation of endosulfan degrading. Enrichment was achieved by using the insecticide as. Endosulfan is moderately persistent in soil but does not tend to persist in water systems. Research article isolation, characterization and growth.
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